Einstein and the Pervasive Hubble Expansion
by
Leif RongvedAbstract. The treatise described in this paper is based on one assumption. Namely, if an aether fluid exists, its fluid elements must recede from each other in accord with the Hubble law. Or one must assume that distances, d(t) between the galaxies of the universe and the fluid elements of the aether at any time, t obey the Hubble lawd(t) = γ(t)d(0)(I.1)where γ(t) = 1+t/т, t is time, т is the present Hubble age, and d(0) are the distances at the present time, t = 0. It is the only expansion which satisfies necessary condition that the recessional motion of the galaxies and the fluid elements of the aether are the same on a large scale relative to all galaxies of the universe. The Hubble law is usually given in the form d(t)/dt = d(0)/т, and 1/т is called the Hubble constant, H. One usually determines H by giving d(t)/dt in km/sec and d(0) in mega parsec. By (I.1) a third form is d(t)/dt = d(t)/тγ(t). Light propagation in such an expanding aether has never been investigated. Likely because the analytical problems involved seam insuperable. For one thing one has to know the mathematical descriptions of light superimposed on the expanding aether.
An exact solution [1] of the Euler equations for the monatomic adiabatic ideal fluid bypasses the insuperable problems. The solution is an intrinsic part of the Hubble law. It determines in general the nonlinear interactions between the Hubble expansion of this fluid and any fluid motions superimposed on it. The nonlinear interactions are identical for all superimposed motions. Moreover, they are stated precisely without any knowledge of the mathematical description of the superimposed motions. One finds that the Hubble law as it now exists is only a small part of an extended Hubble law, called the pervasive Hubble law, which resolves outstanding questions and paradoxes that have puzzled and irritated scientists for many years. It also resolves the most recent outstanding question why the brightness of any type1a supernova is greater than expected from its distance away from us.In Appendix A one discusses the possibility that vortex tubes or filaments may be part of the physical makeup of photons, electrons, positrons, strings, and nucleons. Moreover, one gives reasonable arguments for that the density of the aether is of order the nuclear density.In Appendix B the forward motion of perihelia and gravitational deflections and red shifts of light are obtained by a reexamination of an extension [15] of the equations of motion of the special theory of relativity describing test particles moving in Schwarzschild fields. One finds that the former of the two effects predicted by the Schwarzschild solutions are too large by 20 percent. The gravitational red shift is correct. One shows that the pervasive Hubble law does not alter forward motions of perihelia per orbital revolutions and gravitational deflections and red shifts of light, but it changes the orbital radii and orbital periods by the factor, γ(t).In Appendix C one discusses the possible mechanisms causing tectonic plate movements and sea floor spreading.The remarkable aspect of the changes to mathematical physics proposed here is that they do not measurably change the results obtained by any present laws of physics when calculations and observations extends over a few decades or less. There are no changes to present laws of physics at time, t = 0. Over historical times they increase by order of magnitude of one part in 10.5 billion parts per year. Yet these seemingly minute changes remove all ad hoc and paradoxical assumptions associated with Einstein's laws. Most importantly the analysis suggests an extremely simple unified theory of mathematical physics. Namely, all forms of matter, fields, and propagation in the universe are fluid motions superimposed on an adiabatic monatomic ideal aether expanding in accord with Hubble's law. The fluid pressure is the only action on the fluid elements of the aether. These actions obey Newton's three laws as they are incorporated by Euler in the fluid dynamic equations. Einstein would have rejoiced to find out how very close his theories are to the truth, and where the tiny discrepancies are! A paper of this importance comes about once per century. A PDF format of the treatise is available by clicking on the blue sentence at the bottom.Adherents of the theories of Einstein suggest presently ad hoc assumptions to correct his theories. See New Scientist Space Blog. "The Strynbohtyk model of the universe" where these ad hoc assumptions are discussed.[1] Rongved, L. "Fluid Dynamics of an Expanding Ideal Fluid", Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, Vol. XLVII, Num. 4 p. 735 to 745. 1980. [15] Rongved, L. "Mechanics in Euclidian Terms Giving all the Three Einstein Effects". Il Nuovo Cimento, Serie X, Vol. 44 p. 355 to 371. Feb. 1966.
